Question

I attached the assignment brief to the order. There are 5 titles. For EACH title, there is a question that needs to be answered referencing 3 articles (I included 3 specific articles that I want the writer to use). The same instructions go for all 5 titles.  – Please put each title in a SEPARATE page. – Please DO NOT add any extra sources. Use ONLY the articles included in the file I attached. – Please use APA style to reference the articles.

Answer

Human Rights

Contents

Introduction. 2

Title 1: General Human Rights Issue. 2

Title 2: Poverty, Inequality and Discrimination. 3

Title 3: Ethnic Minorities/Indigenous People. 4

Title 4: Women’s Rights. 5

Title 5: Human Trafficking. 6

Title 6: War. 7

Title 7: Genocide. 8

Title 8: Humanitarian Intervention. 9

Title 9: Truth and Reconciliation Commission. 10

Title 10: Global Reflection. 11

References. 12

Introduction

Title 1: General Human Rights Issue

Principles are ideas and values developed mostly through an approach that is based on context. In comparison, the practice includes applying and executing these ideas while considering a particular context. In these cases, there is a demonstration of principle negotiation as well as practice execution. In the Snowden situation, he believes that he should be given the right to vote. In addition, as an advocate of privacy rights, his vote, and any other individuals’ should be a private decision and process (Millward, 2016). This then extends to the question of cybersecurity as human rights. At a time when there is a growing need to make internet access a human right, cybersecurity, and cyber peace comprise an even bigger concern and area of focus. The UN has participated in regulating and creating structures that will transform these principles into practical practices by address different internet-related issues (Ahmad, 2017). At a time when conservative governments such as Egypt are still putting in place severe restrictions on the work of human rights organizations, there is a serious threat when it comes to the protection of human rights (Shakelford, 2017).

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Title 2: Poverty, Inequality and Discrimination

Microsoft is one of the tech companies that have recently faced lawsuits arising from claims of gender discrimination. The complaint was launched following a worker who was surpassed for promotions in preference for other male workers who were less qualified (O’brien, 2016). In addition, she cited a male worker who sexually harassed other women as simply being transferred. Povertyand race are equally dominant sources of discrimination against women. For example, Nicole Bolden, sued Missouri traffic authorities for targeting black motorists like her based on accusations of “being too poor to pay traffic fines”Guardian (2016). These types of discriminations are rampant in public service and corporations that persistently neglect to uphold the rights of both women and women, across multidimensional levels such as religion and social class. With more constitutional bills being passed to protect certain rights, the biggest challenge is balancing particular rights with other areas of concentration. Ideally, enforcement of laws must be carried out in diligence and preservation of integrity and respect (Walsh, 2017).

Title 3: Ethnic Minorities/Indigenous People

The Pakistan government has rolled out programs to empower minority groups in employment and education. This move is in recognition of the role that these people play in society. With more support being equally allocated to religious minorities, women from these groups are gaining more freedom in employment that allows them to retain their identities (Deardan, 2016). Efforts towards cultural awareness have continued to gain more support on both economic and social levels (Walters, 2016). Indigenous groups are also gaining more rights and acceptance for their roles in preserving the environment and promoting sustainable operations (Zuberi, 2016).

Aboriginal groups have represented the campaign to action in order to protect indigenous groups. While countries such as the US, Australia and Canada have put measures and gained more awareness on these groups of people, indigenous groups in more reserved countries continue to be neglected in part due to prioritization of industrialization and extraction of resources. Indigenous groups’ cultural heritage should be prioritized in the same way the rights of women are being championed for.

Title 4: Women’s Rights

Throughout history, women have continued to face extreme human rights abuses for various reasons. For example, in shocking developments, women in Pakistan who rejected marriage proposals have been burnt by their families in what are described as honor killings. These human rights violations have caused international uproar and forced the international community to put the spotlight on moreinstances of human rights violations against women (BBC Asia, 2016). In Yemen, a story of an 11 year old girl who was married off reveals the desperate situation of women rights that transcends into children rights (Raghavan, 2016). In Liberia, the UN Development Program has facilitated a group of female motorcycle riders to surpass gender barriers and gain acceptance not only as a group but as a brand and growing business (Chhabra, 2016). This hasnot been without challenges even to the female riders who have previously been robbed and threatened by male passengers. Other male riders have also directly and indirectly intimidated this group. Even so, government regulation in collaboration with UN legislation continues to offer more support and eliminate life threatening situations for women based on gender-based prosecution.

Title 5: Human Trafficking

For many years, human trafficking has been dismissed as a non-issue. Human trafficking cartels have become extremely sophisticated in a post-slavery world. Romo (2015) highlights a heartbreaking story of a human trafficking survivor, explaining how she was raped about 43, 200 times in period of four years. In Mexico, it is common story for underage girls to be kidnapped and forced into prostitution, exposure to sexual diseases and pregnancies. In a recent story, Lithuania based girls from an orphanage are forced into local prostitution before they are moved to other countries (Equality Now, 2017a). This story reveals a strong global human trafficking network that extends to Eastern and Western Europe (Equality Now, 2017a)

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While there are various success stories of survivors, many more women and young girlsare yet to be redeemed from this severe violations and abuses. In growing statistics, young boys are also being exposed to human trafficking for prostitution. Most of these women and girls having undergone years of abuse and torture are unable to recover despite therapy and social support. Coincidentally, many of these children are lured from disadvantaged backgrounds, for example poor African countries where female genital mutilation is a widespread practice (Equality Now, 2017b).

Title 6: War

The Syrian Attack in the rebel-held area in the northleft about 60 people dead and many more hospitalized (Cheetham, 2017). In what started with war planes dropping off bombs, children and residents ended up dying (Cheetham, 2017). Common signs include red eyes, dilated pupils, extreme choking and nausea. Samples from the environment and postmortems have identified components of Sarin, a poisonous element used in previous chemical attacks. The Attack in Khan Sheikhoun which was executed at night has led to controversy over the involvement of Syria, Russia, the US and international stakeholders such as the UN. The US government has suggested that only the Syrian government has the control and ability to execute this kind of attack (Cheetham, 2017).

Syrian President Al-Assad countered these allegations, and instead claimed that this attack was as a result of collaboration between America and terrorists. According to Red Cross and other legal entities, this attack has since developed into an international armed committee. This Syrian attack has also raised concerns over the Geneva Conventions and their application to this situation. The Convention, hinders extreme national intervention and thus puts the US and Russia in a dilemma.

Title 7: Genocide

The Rwandan Genocide of 1994 took place over 100 days and left over one million people dead (BBC News, 2014). It followed the death of the then President, a Hutu, through a plane crash (BBC News, 2014). This was followed by subsequent hate speech campaigns that led Hutus to start a campaign to weed out ‘cockroaches’, as Tutsis were being called. Over the days, senior Tutsi government officials were killed by militia groups followed by execution of local Tutsis. French, Belgium, and US troops were accused of complacency in the conflict.

One of the biggest controversies has been in relation to the actions of UN and French relief aid agencies,who distributed aid to Hutus who fled and hid in camps in Rwanda and Congo. This genocide serves as a lesson on how seemingly small conflicts can escalate into fully fledged genocides. At the same time, the RPF government equally killed Hutus during the period or intervention and recapture of territory. More recently, memories of that genocide have been rekindled by the Iraq genocide of 1988 which was carried out to cleanse the society of unwanted groups of people (BBC News, 2014).

Title 8: Humanitarian Intervention

Political instability in Libya and South Sudan has led to an increased need for humanitarian aid. Even so, the number of attacks on aid workers continues to increase and threaten the work of these groups. In South Sudan, the recent attacks on three workers who were killed represent a growing number of difficulties and limitations for humanitarian work especially in African countries. Human interventions have helped people in dire conditions with basic supplies and support even in ongoing conflict and wars (UN Office, 2017). At best, these aid workers put themselves in life-threatening situations to deliver these objectives. While the intention of humanitarian intervention may be founded on genuine care for humanity, the execution has created controversies especially in recent years. Humanitarian intervention in some cases has been flawed by corruption, and poor governance.

In African countries, the situation is more difficult because of complex structures of government. At the same time, international humanitarian intervention backed by specific countries also bears burdens on the country in dilemma or represent international agendas of exploitation (UN Office, 2017). The biggest challenge for humanitarian intervention is the ability to adapt and restructure based on the country being served, its structure, its politics and the ongoing crisis.

Title 9: Truth and Reconciliation Commission

A TRC was necessary in Argentina because it was necessary for the country to mete out justice for both the perpetrators and victims of the human rights violations that occurred in the years following the military coup of 1976. The military juntas that captured power stood accused of perpetuating systematic torture, deaths, and disappearances of individuals whom the government suspected of promoting left-wing views. 

            The TRC in Argentina yielded several findings, one of them being that about 9,000 disappearances were reported between early 1976 and late 1983 (USIP, 2010). Another finding was that families were afraid of volunteering information. It recommended that a reparations program should be established to compensate the families of those who were affected by the atrocities. The other recommendation was that it was necessary to educate people about human rights as well as to carry out comprehensive judicial reform.

            The TRC has a massive impact on the Argentinian society particularly in terms of reforms, prosecutions, and reparations. In subsequent years, Argentina made significant gains in terms of human rights protections. Moreover, democracy was introduced. Some of the generals who oversaw the human rights violations were prosecuted and imprisoned. Equally important, families of lost loved ones received reparations.

Title 10: Global Reflection

            The two biggest challenges in the achievement of human rights in the world are poverty and poor governance. In many instances, citizens of countries with high poverty levels are extremely vulnerable to resource-based conflicts culminate in human rights violations such as gender-based violence, human trafficking, genocide, civil strife. Poverty eradication can play a critical role in reducing vulnerability of marginalized groups to political exploitation during power struggles particularly following coups.

            Similarly, poor governance is a major threat to achieving human rights. The move by today’s industrialized nations to take advantage of their less developed counterparts by exploiting domestic political tensions in order to influence the exploitation of valuable natural resources for selfish gain is a major indicator of failure in terms of governance. Similarly, many less developed countries have weak institutions that render them vulnerable to endemic corruption, mismanagement of public funds and ultimately, violent coups. It is during violent uprisings that many human rights violations are perpetuated. In some cases, political leaders fail to enact stringent laws and to put in place institutions that can ensure that citizens’ rights are not violated. I would recommend the establishment of a human rights agency under the auspices of the United Nations.

References

Ahmad, I. (2017). Pakistan Senate passes much-awaited Hindu marriage bill. Hindustan Times.

BBC. (2014). Rwanda genocide: 100 days of slaughter.  BBC News.

Cheetham, A. (2017). Syria situation ‘an international armed conflict’ after US missile strike – Red Cross to RT. DavidiCKE.

Chhabra, E. (2016). Meet the Pink Panthers: Liberia’s first female fleet of motorcycle taxi drivers. ONE.

Dearden, L. (2016). Muslim woman fired for wearing headscarf wins legal battle in Switzerland. Independent.

Equality Now. (2017). Ayesha. Equality Now.

Equality Now. (2017). Loretta. Equality Now.

Millward, D. (2016). Edward Snowden says he will vote in presidential election . The Teegraph.

O’brien, S. (2016). Microsoft sued for gender discrimination. CNN Tech.

2016. Pakistan: Woman who reected Marriage offer burnt to death. BBC Asia.

Raghavan, S. (2016). Yemen war: The girl forced to marry at 11 whose story exposes the conflict’s toll on children. Independent.

Romo, R. (2015). Human Trafficking Survivor: I was raped 43, 200 times. CNN.

Shackelford, S. (2017). Should cybersecurity be a human right? The Conversation.

The Guardian. (2016). Lawsuit alleges Missouri authorities jailed woman for being ‘too poor to pay’. The Guardian, December 6, 2016.

UN Office.(2017). South Sudan: Humanitarian Coordinator condemns horrific killing of aid workers in Wau. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.

USIP. (2010). Truth Commission: Argentina. Friday, December 16, 1983.

Walsh, D. (2017). Widening Crackdown, Egypt Shutters Group That Treats Torture Victims. The New York Times.

Walters, J. (2016). Lawsuit alleges Missouri authorities jailed woman for being ‘too poor to pay. The Guardian.

Zuberi, M. (2017). New development programme for minorities, Zubair. AAJ.