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Question

The assignment to respond short answers.

for the fill in the blank you can use my chegg account which is

all of the websites used should be cited, sources hsould be used.

Vitamins and Minerals assignment. This is worth a total of 50 points. This 50 points is made up of answering questions for 50 points on one of the posted documents.

Use the posted Word document in answering the questions for the 50 point part of this assignment. Unless you look something up on the Internet from a reliable source, you do not need to cite your source since I will assume it is from the text. Do your best not to plagiarize from the text – use your own words.

Very importantly, do not copy any other student’s work; I am referring in particular to the short answer questions. I think it is wonderful to work with another student or form a group in answering the questions, this would be the best approach! …however, do not copy the actual words used from anyone else. This will result in a zero for those involved. Use your text or use the Internet (reliable sources – NO WIKIPEDIA, only use scholarly websites/articles). Answer any short answer questions thoroughly to receive all points for each question. Other than the first question which says you can list the characteristics of fat-soluble vitamins (list at least 3 to 4), other short answers must be in full sentences. Students can mistakenly not read the entire question, so please do read thoroughly and explain completely. Every answer is found in the text within Chapters 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Spelling counts since you have your text. I will take off the point for misspelling because as indicated, the words are in the text.

Lastly, spelling counts, so points are deducted for a misspelled answer (since the answers are in the text).

Answer

Vitamins and Mineral

Question One

Babies are given vitamin K to help their body form clots necessary for stopping bleeding (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). Newborns have very little levels of vitamin K, a condition described as vitamin K deficiency implying that they cannot make the clotting factors. If infants under the age of 6 months are not given a vitamin K shot at birth, they are at risk of suffering vitamin K deficiency bleeding that cause life-threating or serious medical consequences.

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Question Two

Niacin is considered an important type of water-soluble vitamins owing to its roles in normal enzyme function, energy production, healthy skin, appetite promotion and nerves function. It is contained in both plan and animal products. Since milk and eggs are some of the sources of niacin, an individual consuming enough amounts of such foods may not be deficient of vitamin B3. Additionally, such an individual will also get vitamin B3 from their body when amino acid tryptophan is converted to niacin (WebMD LLC, 2018). It is also important to note that if those people consume vegetables such as sweet potatoes, broccoli and carrots, and some grains and nuts, their body will have enough niacin. However, in the events of alcoholism or poorly dietary, they will be at the risk for deficiency of niacin (Bellows & Moore, 2012).

Question Three

Vitamin E is generally used for all tocotrienols and tocopherols. It is crucial in the body as it functions as an antioxidant in cell membranes, especially where there is high oxygen concentration. According to Valk and Hornstra (2000) as an antioxidant, Vitamin E is important in preventing the oxidation of polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) tissue. When PUFA intake increases in an individual, Vitamin E needs also incases. In addition, Raederstorff, Wyss, Calder, Weber, and Eggersdorfer (2015) stated that the vitamin E demand will also increase with the PUFA unsaturation level in a diet.

Question Four

Vitamin B12 helps the body by keeping the blood cells and nerves healthy, preventing megaloblastic anemia, and making of DNA (National Institutes of Health, 2011). For proper absorption of vitamin B12, two steps are involved in the body and where the stomach is involved. First, the stomach produces hydrochloric acid need to disassociate vitamin B12 from food, where the former is usually attached. Second, vitamin B12 combines with the intrinsic factor produced by the stomach to facilitate its absorption (National Institutes of Health, 2011; The Nutrition Source, 2018).

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Question Five

Neural tube defects (NTDs) have been a major global public health burden, and it arises where infants are born with serious brain and spine problems. Though it is a preventable problem, Zaganjor, et al. (2016) noted that in each year, around 300,000 infants are born with NTDs, and of which approximately 88,000 die while the rest remain disabled. However, these defects have significantly dropped to almost 30% following adequate and mandatory folic acid fortification intake. In fact, Molloy, et al. (2009) stated that folic acid intake could lead to 75% prevention of NTDs. The authors also noted that since there was no likelihood of increasing fortification levels to reduce NTDs prevalence, vitamin B12 should be taken during pregnancy because these mothers usually have low levels of B12, and it is also metabolically related to folate.

                                                                    Question Six

The field of vitamin D is highly burdened by terminological complexity, which in turn has seen people engage into a debate on whether vitamin D is really a vitamin or a hormone. For example, the Society for Endocrinology (2018) argued that vitamin D produced in the skin is a hormone because it is converted by the kidney and the liver into active hormone called calcitriol. However, Vieth (2004) noted that vitamin D is in no way a hormone, and the confusion arises when people use vitamin D in a generic sense to replace 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol).

References

Bellows, L., & Moore, R. (2012, November). Water-soluble vitamins: B-complex and vitamin C. Food and Nutrition Series, Vol. 9.312, 1-5. Retrieved from Colorado State University Extension: http://extension.colostate.edu/topic-areas/nutrition-food-safety-health/water-soluble-vitamins-b-complex-and-vitamin-c-9-312/

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017, September 15). Vitamin K shot – Essential in preventing serious bleeding in newborns. Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: https://www.cdc.gov/healthcommunication/toolstemplates/entertainmented/tips/KVitamin.html

Molloy, A. M. (2009). Maternal vitamin B12 status and risk of neural tube defects in a population with high neural tube defect prevalence and no folic acid fortification. Pediatrics, Vol. 123 (3), 917-923 doi: [10.1542/peds.2008-1173].

National Institutes of Health. (2011, June 24). Vitamin B12 – Office of Dietary Supplements. Retrieved from Office of Dietary Supplements: https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminB12-%20%20Consumer/

Raederstorff, D., Wyss, A., Calder, P. C., Weber, P., & Eggersdorfer, M. (2015). Vitamin E function and requirements in relation to PUFA. The British Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 114 (8), 1113-1122 doi: 10.1017/S000711451500272X.

Society for Endocrinology. (2018, February). Vitamin D: You and your hormones. Retrieved from Your Hormones. Info: http://www.yourhormones.info/hormones/vitamin-d/

The Nutrition Source. (2018). Vitamin B12 deficiency: Causes and symptoms. Retrieved from Harvard School of Public Health: https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/vitamins/vitamin-b/

Valk, E., & Hornstra, G. (2000). Relationship between vitamin E requirement and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake in man: A review. International Journal of Vitamin and Nutritional Research, Vol. 70 (2), 31-42.

Vieth, R. (2004). Why “Vitamin D” is not a hormone, and not a synonym for 1, 25-dihydroxy-vitamin D, its analogs or deltanoids. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Vol. 89–90, 571-573.

WebMD LLC. (2018). Niacin and niacinamide (vitamin B3). Retrieved from WebMD LLC: https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-924/niacin-and-niacinamide-vitamin-b3

Zaganjor, I., Sekkarie, A., Tsang, B. L., Williams, J., Razzaghi, H., Mulinare, J., . . . Rosenthal, J. (2016). Describing the prevalence of neural tube defects worldwide: A systematic literature review. PloS One, Vol. 11 (4), 1-31 doi: [10.1371/journal.pone.0151586].